Mirabilis jalapa

Mirabilis jalapa: Unveiling the Marvel of Peru

Background and Family

Mirabilis jalapa, commonly known as the Marvel of Peru, Michaela Petit’s Four o’Clock, or the Four O’clock Flower, holds a rich history and captivating beauty. It was cultivated by the Aztecs and is native to tropical Central and South America. The plant’s scientific name, Mirabilis jalapa, derives from the Latin word “mirabilis,” meaning “wonderful,” and “Jalapa,” the name of the capital of Veracruz.

Belonging to the Nyctaginaceae family, Mirabilis jalapa was named by Carl Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist, in 1753. This herbaceous perennial, although growing up to 1m or 3ft, is typically treated as an annual, as it readily self-seeds each year. It produces green one-seeded fruits that mature to black.

Characteristics and Description

Mirabilis jalapa, resembling a shrub-like structure, features an erect and spreading growth habit. As a tuberous perennial, it displays clusters of fragrant flowers throughout the summer and fall. The trumpet-shaped blossoms, measuring approximately 2 inches (5 cm) in length, open in the afternoon, earning the common name “four o’clock” flower. These flowers emit a strong, sweet fragrance and remain open until the following morning. The blossoms appear in a vibrant array of colors, including white, yellow, pink, magenta, red, and even bicolored varieties.

The flowers are borne in terminal or axillary clusters on erect, branching stems adorned with ovate, bright green leaves that grow up to 4 inches (10 cm) long. The extended blooming season attracts hummingbirds and butterflies. In the fall, the flowers give way to large, dark, leathery fruits. Despite being tender to frost, Mirabilis jalapa resprouts from its sizeable tuberous roots, making it a resilient garden ornamental.

Flowering Season and Fragrance

The enchanting funnel-shaped flowers of Mirabilis jalapa have a lifespan of just one day. They do not open until 4 in the afternoon or later and remain open throughout the night, releasing their captivating fragrance. By morning light, the flowers close and gracefully bid farewell.

Cultivation of Mirabilis jalapa:

Successfully cultivating Mirabilis jalapa requires attention to certain factors related to its preferred growing conditions.

Sunlight: While Mirabilis jalapa prefers full sun, its leaves may wither in intense heat. However, they recover their vitality as the evening brings cooler temperatures. Therefore, it is recommended to plant this marvel in a location that offers ample sunlight.

Watering: Adequate watering is crucial during the first year after planting to help establish the plant’s root system. Once established, Mirabilis jalapa displays excellent drought tolerance. Watering during dry periods is sufficient.

Soil: Plant Mirabilis jalapa in well-draining, humus-rich soil to promote healthy growth and development. It can adapt to various soil types but thrives in moist, well-drained conditions.

Pests and Diseases: Mirabilis jalapa is relatively resistant to serious insect and disease problems. However, it is essential to monitor for aphids and slugs, providing appropriate organic pest control methods if needed.

Propagation: Mirabilis jalapa can be propagated by seed or division. Sow the seeds directly in the garden after the last frost date or start them indoors 6-8 weeks earlier. Additionally, the tuberous roots can be divided in spring to create new plants.

Uses

Mirabilis jalapa has various practical applications beyond its ornamental value.

  • Food and Traditional Medicine: The plant’s vibrant flowers are used to create a red dye, which is utilized in cakes and jellies as a natural food coloring. In traditional medicine, Mirabilis jalapa is known for its diuretic properties and its use in treating inflammation.
  • Medicinal Practices: In Brazil, dried powder from Mirabilis jalapa flowers is sniffed to alleviate headaches. In Peru, juice made from flowers is used to treat herpes infections. In Mexico, it is employed in remedies for dysentery, infected wounds, and scorpion stings.

Additional Information

Mirabilis jalapa typically reaches a height and width of 2-3 ft (60-90 cm). Under optimum growing conditions, this plant self-seeds freely. It thrives in full sun and moderately fertile, moist, well-drained soils. Protect it from cold, drying winds and provide a dry mulch during winter to prevent excessive winter wetness. Its versatility makes it a suitable addition to Mediterranean gardens, cottage gardens, containers, or even as an annual hedge when planted closely together.

While the ingestion of Mirabilis jalapa may cause severe discomfort, it remains an alluring and cherished addition to any garden. Embrace the magic and beauty of this tropical gem, enjoying its night-blooming flowers and delightful fragrance in the tranquility of the evening and early morning hours.

Mirabilis jalapa
Mirabilis jalapa

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